Helium

References

Equation of State

D. O. Ortiz-Vega, K. R. Hall, J. C. Holste, V. D. Arp, A. H. Harvey, and E. W. Lemmon. Equation of state for Helium-4. Unpublished - coefficients from REPROP 10 with permission, 2019.

Thermal Conductivity

B.A. Hands and V.D. Arp. A Correlation of Thermal Conductivity Data for Helium. Cryogenics, 21(12):697–703, 1981. doi:10.1016/0011-2275(81)90211-3.

Viscosity

V.D. Arp, R.D. McCarty, and D.G Friend. Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 0.8 to 1500 K with Pressures to 2000 MPa - NIST Technical Note 1334 (revised). Technical Report, NIST, 1998.

Melting Line

Frédéric Datchi, Paul Loubeyre, and René LeToullec. Extended and accurate determination of the melting curves of argon, helium, ice (H$_2$O) and hydrogen (H$_2$). Physical Review B, 61(10):6535–6546, 2000. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.6535.

Surface Tension

A. Mulero, I. Cachadiña, and M. I. Parra. Recommended Correlations for the Surface Tension of Common Fluids. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 41(4):043105–1:13, 2012. doi:10.1063/1.4768782.

Aliases

helium, HELIUM, He, R704

Molecular Structure

Helium — 2D structure (interactive: click and drag to rotate)

Fluid Information

Parameter, Value
General
Molar mass [kg/mol]	0.004002602
CAS number	7440-59-7
ASHRAE class	A1
Formula	He
Acentric factor	-0.38353992538323034
InChI	InChI=1S/He
InChIKey	SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES	[He]
ChemSpider ID	22423
Limits
Maximum temperature [K]	2000.0
Maximum pressure [Pa]	1000000000.0
Triple point
Triple point temperature [K]	2.1768
Triple point pressure [Pa]	5039.330380576782
Critical point
Critical point temperature [K]	5.195300013635951
Critical point density [kg/m3]	69.58492718954426
Critical point density [mol/m3]	17384.92290503634
Critical point pressure [Pa]	228322.78921478678

REFPROP Validation Data

Note

This figure compares the results generated from CoolProp and those generated from REFPROP. They are all results obtained in the form \(Y(T,\rho)\), where \(Y\) is the parameter of interest and which for all EOS is a direct evaluation of the EOS

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.

Consistency Plots

The following figure shows all the flash routines that are available for this fluid. A red + is a failure of the flash routine, a black dot is a success. Hopefully you will only see black dots. The red curve is the maximum temperature curve, and the blue curve is the melting line if one is available for the fluid.

In this figure, we start off with a state point given by T,P and then we calculate each of the other possible output pairs in turn, and then try to re-calculate T,P from the new input pair. If we don’t arrive back at the original T,P values, there is a problem in the flash routine in CoolProp. For more information on how these figures were generated, see CoolProp.Plots.ConsistencyPlots

Note

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.

Flash consistency (HEOS): 9 inconsistent, 109 exceptions, 0 bad-phase across 5 input pair(s).

Download full failure list (CSV)

Failing state points (sample, up to 20 per pair/class)

Pair	Class	Region	P [Pa]	T [K]	In1	Val1	In2	Val2	Error
DmolarHmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	84766.9	2.1768	Dmolar	36876.7	Hmolar	-25.3187	D < DLtriple -25.3187 -25.3187
DmolarHmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	115865	2.1768	Dmolar	37024.4	Hmolar	-24.4923	D < DLtriple -24.4923 -24.4923
DmolarHmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	158372	2.1768	Dmolar	37220.5	Hmolar	-23.3683	D < DLtriple -23.3683 -23.3683
DmolarHmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	216473	2.1768	Dmolar	37479	Hmolar	-21.842	D < DLtriple -21.842 -21.842
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	2.0959e+08	73.3956	Dmolar	74083.7	P	2.0959e+08	The temperature of -83.276105 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	2.86482e+08	78.2133	Dmolar	79841.9	P	2.86482e+08	The temperature of -48.427681 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	2.86482e+08	128.787	Dmolar	72171.7	P	2.86482e+08	The temperature of -64.618413 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	3.91582e+08	84.1033	Dmolar	85469.6	P	3.91582e+08	The temperature of -42.962463 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	3.91582e+08	134.522	Dmolar	78846.6	P	3.91582e+08	The temperature of -32.165585 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	3.91582e+08	184.94	Dmolar	73327.3	P	3.91582e+08	The temperature of -44.625932 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	3.91582e+08	235.358	Dmolar	68491.3	P	3.91582e+08	The temperature of -147.733091 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	91.3017	Dmolar	91004.1	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -42.496805 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	141.531	Dmolar	85267.6	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -27.001319 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	191.76	Dmolar	80509.2	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -25.761908 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	241.988	Dmolar	76315.1	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -30.191625 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	292.217	Dmolar	72522.1	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -43.828873 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	342.446	Dmolar	69053.2	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -95.875962 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1045.65	Dmolar	40696.6	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -922.755413 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1095.88	Dmolar	39525.8	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -54647.939876 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1146.11	Dmolar	38419.6	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -38856.146742 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1196.34	Dmolar	37372.8	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -61846.524986 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1246.57	Dmolar	36380.6	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -1493.939145 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1748.86	Dmolar	28713.4	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -27451.120279 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarP	EXCEPTION	1phase	5.3524e+08	1799.08	Dmolar	28117.3	P	5.3524e+08	The temperature of -11854.132022 K is below the minimum of 0.000000 K
DmolarSmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	115865	2.1768	Dmolar	37024.4	Smolar	-7.73095	D < DLtriple -7.73095 -7.73095
DmolarSmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	158372	2.1768	Dmolar	37220.5	Smolar	-7.74062	D < DLtriple -7.74062 -7.74062
DmolarSmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	216473	2.1768	Dmolar	37479	Smolar	-7.75405	D < DLtriple -7.75405 -7.75405
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	1e+09	110.842	Dmolar	101984	Smolar	15.4867
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	1e+09	160.557	Dmolar	97635.2	Smolar	23.9398
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	1e+09	61.1273	Dmolar	107999	Smolar	0.536131
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	7.31601e+08	50.0998	Dmolar	103577	Smolar	-0.710762
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	7.31601e+08	100.097	Dmolar	96490.9	Smolar	16.0125
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	5.3524e+08	41.0728	Dmolar	99327.9	Smolar	-1.85919
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	3.91582e+08	33.685	Dmolar	95192.2	Smolar	-2.86715
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	2.86482e+08	27.64	Dmolar	91111.5	Smolar	-3.69755
DmolarSmolar	INCONSISTENT	1phase	2.0959e+08	22.6955	Dmolar	87030.7	Smolar	-4.32704
DmolarUmolar	EXCEPTION	1phase	216473	2.1768	Dmolar	37479	Umolar	-27.6179	D < DLtriple -27.6179 -27.6179
SmolarT	EXCEPTION	1phase	5089.72	2.1768	Smolar	-7.70636	T	2.1768	p is not a valid number

Superancillary Plots

The following figure shows the accuracy of the superancillary functions relative to extended precision calculations carried out in C++ with the teqp library. The results of the iterative calculations with REFPROP and CoolProp are also shown.

Note

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.