Water#

References#

Equation of State#

W. Wagner and A. Pruß. The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31:387–535, 2002. doi:10.1063/1.1461829.

Thermal Conductivity#

M. L. Huber, R. A. Perkins, D. G. Friend, J. V. Sengers, M. J. Assael, I. N. Metaxa, K. Miyagawa, R. Hellmann, and E. Vogel. New International Formulation for the Thermal Conductivity of H2O. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 41(3):033102–1:23, 2012. doi:10.1063/1.4738955.

Viscosity#

M.L. Huber, R.A. Perkins, A. Laesecke, D.G. Friend, J.V. Sengers, M.J Assael, I.M. Metaxa, E. Vogel, R. Mareš, and K. Miyagawa. New International Formulation for the Viscosity of H2O. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 38(2):101–125, 2009. doi:10.1063/1.3088050.

Melting Line#

IAPWS. 2011 Revised Release on the Pressure along the Melting and Sublimation Curves of Ordinary Water Substance. 2011.

Surface Tension#

A. Mulero, I. Cachadiña, and M. I. Parra. Recommended Correlations for the Surface Tension of Common Fluids. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 41(4):043105–1:13, 2012. doi:10.1063/1.4768782.

Aliases#

water, WATER, H2O, h2o, R718

Molecular Structure#

Water — 3D conformer (interactive: click and drag to rotate)

Fluid Information#

Parameter, Value

General

Molar mass [kg/mol]

0.018015268

CAS number

7732-18-5

ASHRAE class

A1

Formula

H2O

Acentric factor

0.3442920843

InChI

InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2

InChIKey

XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

O

ChemSpider ID

937

Limits

Maximum temperature [K]

2000.0

Maximum pressure [Pa]

1000000000.0

Triple point

Triple point temperature [K]

273.16

Triple point pressure [Pa]

611.6548008968684

Critical point

Critical point temperature [K]

647.0959999999873

Critical point density [kg/m3]

321.9999990775634

Critical point density [mol/m3]

17873.72794440601

Critical point pressure [Pa]

22063999.999997754

REFPROP Validation Data#

Note

This figure compares the results generated from CoolProp and those generated from REFPROP. They are all results obtained in the form \(Y(T,\rho)\), where \(Y\) is the parameter of interest and which for all EOS is a direct evaluation of the EOS

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.

../../_images/Water.png

Consistency Plots#

The following figure shows all the flash routines that are available for this fluid. A red + is a failure of the flash routine, a black dot is a success. Hopefully you will only see black dots. The red curve is the maximum temperature curve, and the blue curve is the melting line if one is available for the fluid.

In this figure, we start off with a state point given by T,P and then we calculate each of the other possible output pairs in turn, and then try to re-calculate T,P from the new input pair. If we don’t arrive back at the original T,P values, there is a problem in the flash routine in CoolProp. For more information on how these figures were generated, see CoolProp.Plots.ConsistencyPlots

Note

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.

../../_images/Water1.png

Flash consistency (HEOS): 71 inconsistent, 144 exceptions, 0 bad-phase across 6 input pair(s).

Download full failure list (CSV)

Failing state points (sample, up to 20 per pair/class)

Pair

Class

Region

P [Pa]

T [K]

In1

Val1

In2

Val2

Error

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

617.771

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0110992

D < DLtriple 0.0110992 0.0111326

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

891.328

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0145755

D < DLtriple 0.0145755 0.0161035

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1286.02

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0195911

D < DLtriple 0.0195911 0.0232756

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1855.48

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0268277

D < DLtriple 0.0268277 0.0336236

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

2677.11

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0372688

D < DLtriple 0.0372688 0.0485538

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

3862.56

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Hmolar

0.0523332

D < DLtriple 0.0523332 0.0700953

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

5572.95

273.16

Dmolar

55497.1

Hmolar

0.0740682

D < DLtriple 0.0740682 0.101176

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

8040.71

273.159

Dmolar

55497.2

Hmolar

0.105427

D < DLtriple 0.105427 0.146018

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

11601.2

273.159

Dmolar

55497.3

Hmolar

0.150673

D < DLtriple 0.150673 0.210718

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

16738.4

273.159

Dmolar

55497.4

Hmolar

0.215952

D < DLtriple 0.215952 0.304067

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

24150.3

273.158

Dmolar

55497.6

Hmolar

0.310136

D < DLtriple 0.310136 0.438752

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

34844.4

273.157

Dmolar

55497.9

Hmolar

0.446022

D < DLtriple 0.446022 0.633075

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

50273.9

273.156

Dmolar

55498.3

Hmolar

0.642071

D < DLtriple 0.642071 0.913444

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

72535.7

273.155

Dmolar

55499

Hmolar

0.924918

D < DLtriple 0.924918 1.31796

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

104655

273.152

Dmolar

55499.9

Hmolar

1.33298

D < DLtriple 1.33298 1.90159

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

150998

273.149

Dmolar

55501.2

Hmolar

1.92166

D < DLtriple 1.92166 2.74363

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

217861

273.144

Dmolar

55503

Hmolar

2.77086

D < DLtriple 2.77086 3.95849

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

314333

273.137

Dmolar

55505.7

Hmolar

3.9958

D < DLtriple 3.9958 5.7112

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

453523

273.126

Dmolar

55509.6

Hmolar

5.7625

D < DLtriple 5.7625 8.23983

DmolarHmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

654348

273.111

Dmolar

55515.2

Hmolar

8.31018

D < DLtriple 8.31018 11.8877

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1855.48

273.16

Dmolar

55497

P

1855.48

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

2677.11

273.16

Dmolar

55497

P

2677.11

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1286.02

273.16

Dmolar

55497

P

1286.02

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

8040.71

273.159

Dmolar

55497.2

P

8040.71

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

24150.3

273.158

Dmolar

55497.6

P

24150.3

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

34844.4

273.157

Dmolar

55497.9

P

34844.4

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

5572.95

273.16

Dmolar

55497.1

P

5572.95

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

3862.56

273.16

Dmolar

55497

P

3862.56

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

104655

273.152

Dmolar

55499.9

P

104655

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

72535.7

273.155

Dmolar

55499

P

72535.7

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

50273.9

273.156

Dmolar

55498.3

P

50273.9

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

16738.4

273.159

Dmolar

55497.4

P

16738.4

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

654348

273.111

Dmolar

55515.2

P

654348

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

11601.2

273.159

Dmolar

55497.3

P

11601.2

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.22881e+07

272.224

Dmolar

55837.5

P

1.22881e+07

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

150998

273.149

Dmolar

55501.2

P

150998

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.36216e+06

273.059

Dmolar

55535

P

1.36216e+06

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

314333

273.137

Dmolar

55505.7

P

314333

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

217861

273.144

Dmolar

55503

P

217861

DmolarP

INCONSISTENT

1phase

4.09126e+06

272.854

Dmolar

55611

P

4.09126e+06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

617.771

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-1.18887e-07

D < DLtriple -1.18887e-07 7.41757e-09

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

891.328

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-5.43778e-06

D < DLtriple -5.43778e-06 3.39107e-07

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1286.02

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-1.31119e-05

D < DLtriple -1.31119e-05 8.17663e-07

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1855.48

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-2.41844e-05

D < DLtriple -2.41844e-05 1.50812e-06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

2677.11

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-4.01598e-05

D < DLtriple -4.01598e-05 2.50426e-06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

3862.56

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Smolar

-6.32096e-05

D < DLtriple -6.32096e-05 3.94143e-06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

5572.95

273.16

Dmolar

55497.1

Smolar

-9.64663e-05

D < DLtriple -9.64663e-05 6.01483e-06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

8040.71

273.159

Dmolar

55497.2

Smolar

-0.00014445

D < DLtriple -0.00014445 9.00601e-06

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

11601.2

273.159

Dmolar

55497.3

Smolar

-0.000213683

D < DLtriple -0.000213683 1.3321e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

16738.4

273.159

Dmolar

55497.4

Smolar

-0.000313575

D < DLtriple -0.000313575 1.95452e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

24150.3

273.158

Dmolar

55497.6

Smolar

-0.000457706

D < DLtriple -0.000457706 2.85224e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

34844.4

273.157

Dmolar

55497.9

Smolar

-0.000665672

D < DLtriple -0.000665672 4.14682e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

50273.9

273.156

Dmolar

55498.3

Smolar

-0.00096575

D < DLtriple -0.00096575 6.0133e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

72535.7

273.155

Dmolar

55499

Smolar

-0.00139876

D < DLtriple -0.00139876 8.70344e-05

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

104655

273.152

Dmolar

55499.9

Smolar

-0.0020236

D < DLtriple -0.0020236 0.000125789

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

150998

273.149

Dmolar

55501.2

Smolar

-0.00292535

D < DLtriple -0.00292535 0.000181582

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

217861

273.144

Dmolar

55503

Smolar

-0.00422684

D < DLtriple -0.00422684 0.000261824

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

314333

273.137

Dmolar

55505.7

Smolar

-0.00610556

D < DLtriple -0.00610556 0.000377067

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

453523

273.126

Dmolar

55509.6

Smolar

-0.0088181

D < DLtriple -0.0088181 0.000542233

DmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

654348

273.111

Dmolar

55515.2

Smolar

-0.0127357

D < DLtriple -0.0127357 0.000778233

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

617.771

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-3.24757e-05

D < DLtriple -3.24757e-05 2.02613e-06

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

891.328

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-0.00148538

D < DLtriple -0.00148538 9.26322e-05

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1286.02

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-0.00358165

D < DLtriple -0.00358165 0.000223358

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1855.48

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-0.00660619

D < DLtriple -0.00660619 0.000411971

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

2677.11

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-0.01097

D < DLtriple -0.01097 0.000684094

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

3862.56

273.16

Dmolar

55497

Umolar

-0.0172663

D < DLtriple -0.0172663 0.00107671

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

5572.95

273.16

Dmolar

55497.1

Umolar

-0.0263506

D < DLtriple -0.0263506 0.00164315

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

8040.71

273.159

Dmolar

55497.2

Umolar

-0.0394576

D < DLtriple -0.0394576 0.00246037

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

11601.2

273.159

Dmolar

55497.3

Umolar

-0.0583689

D < DLtriple -0.0583689 0.00363936

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

16738.4

273.159

Dmolar

55497.4

Umolar

-0.0856547

D < DLtriple -0.0856547 0.00534022

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

24150.3

273.158

Dmolar

55497.6

Umolar

-0.125024

D < DLtriple -0.125024 0.00779379

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

34844.4

273.157

Dmolar

55497.9

Umolar

-0.181829

D < DLtriple -0.181829 0.0113329

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

50273.9

273.156

Dmolar

55498.3

Umolar

-0.263791

D < DLtriple -0.263791 0.0164373

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

72535.7

273.155

Dmolar

55499

Umolar

-0.382056

D < DLtriple -0.382056 0.023798

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

104655

273.152

Dmolar

55499.9

Umolar

-0.55271

D < DLtriple -0.55271 0.0344097

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

150998

273.149

Dmolar

55501.2

Umolar

-0.798968

D < DLtriple -0.798968 0.0497033

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

217861

273.144

Dmolar

55503

Umolar

-1.15435

D < DLtriple -1.15435 0.0717332

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

314333

273.137

Dmolar

55505.7

Umolar

-1.66727

D < DLtriple -1.66727 0.103443

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

453523

273.126

Dmolar

55509.6

Umolar

-2.40767

D < DLtriple -2.40767 0.14904

DmolarUmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

654348

273.111

Dmolar

55515.2

Umolar

-3.47665

D < DLtriple -3.47665 0.214505

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

5572.95

273.16

Hmolar

0.0740682

Smolar

-9.64663e-05

The molar density of -33385.440939 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

8040.71

273.159

Hmolar

0.105427

Smolar

-0.00014445

The molar density of -193280.810495 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

11601.2

273.159

Hmolar

0.150673

Smolar

-0.000213683

The molar density of -27747.326157 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

16738.4

273.159

Hmolar

0.215952

Smolar

-0.000313575

The molar density of -28923.719644 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

24150.3

273.158

Hmolar

0.310136

Smolar

-0.000457706

The molar density of -3774.221877 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

34844.4

273.157

Hmolar

0.446022

Smolar

-0.000665672

The molar density of -60641.923768 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

50273.9

273.156

Hmolar

0.642071

Smolar

-0.00096575

The molar density of -415822.717702 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

72535.7

273.155

Hmolar

0.924918

Smolar

-0.00139876

The molar density of -27054.196621 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

104655

273.152

Hmolar

1.33298

Smolar

-0.0020236

The molar density of -13318.719452 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

217861

273.144

Hmolar

2.77086

Smolar

-0.00422684

The molar density of -14484.143254 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

314333

273.137

Hmolar

3.9958

Smolar

-0.00610556

The molar density of -89473.918697 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

453523

273.126

Hmolar

5.7625

Smolar

-0.0088181

The molar density of -994195.439775 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

654348

273.111

Hmolar

8.31018

Smolar

-0.0127357

The molar density of -33859.543454 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

944101

273.09

Hmolar

11.9832

Smolar

-0.0183964

The molar density of -15043.616486 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1.96534e+06

273.013

Hmolar

24.9026

Smolar

-0.0384251

The molar density of -12843.139912 mol/m3 is below the minimum of 0.000000 mol/m3

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

2.83562e+06

272.948

Hmolar

35.88

Smolar

-0.0555883

Inputs in Brent [273.160000,1394.200000] do not bracket the root. Function values are [1170.965903,14399084.737606]

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

4.09126e+06

272.854

Hmolar

51.6661

Smolar

-0.0805055

Inputs in Brent [273.160000,1393.900000] do not bracket the root. Function values are [1310.502471,14411421.627301]

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

5.90291e+06

272.716

Hmolar

74.3347

Smolar

-0.116776

Inputs in Brent [273.160000,1393.400000] do not bracket the root. Function values are [1483.096304,14411341.902509]

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

8.51679e+06

272.516

Hmolar

106.818

Smolar

-0.169769

Inputs in Brent [273.160000,1392.600000] do not bracket the root. Function values are [1696.465559,14391446.429658]

HmolarSmolar

EXCEPTION

1phase

1.22881e+07

272.224

Hmolar

153.224

Smolar

-0.247598

Inputs in Brent [273.160000,1391.600000] do not bracket the root. Function values are [1961.501847,14411519.278421]

HmolarSmolar

INCONSISTENT

1phase

150998

273.149

Hmolar

1.92166

Smolar

-0.00292535

HmolarSmolar

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.36216e+06

273.059

Hmolar

17.2769

Smolar

-0.0265809

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

2.30761e+08

252.439

Smolar

-5.83913

T

252.439

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.59938e+08

257.427

Smolar

-4.39607

T

257.427

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.10852e+08

263.059

Smolar

-2.80681

T

263.059

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

7.68304e+07

266.548

Smolar

-1.81606

T

266.548

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

5.32505e+07

268.767

Smolar

-1.19315

T

268.767

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

3.69075e+07

270.207

Smolar

-0.794402

T

270.207

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

2.55802e+07

271.158

Smolar

-0.534594

T

271.158

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.77294e+07

271.794

Smolar

-0.362712

T

271.794

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.22881e+07

272.224

Smolar

-0.247598

T

272.224

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

8.51679e+06

272.516

Smolar

-0.169769

T

272.516

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

5.90291e+06

272.716

Smolar

-0.116776

T

272.716

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

4.09126e+06

272.854

Smolar

-0.0805055

T

272.854

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

2.83562e+06

272.948

Smolar

-0.0555883

T

272.948

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.96534e+06

273.013

Smolar

-0.0384251

T

273.013

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

1.36216e+06

273.059

Smolar

-0.0265809

T

273.059

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

944101

273.09

Smolar

-0.0183964

T

273.09

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

654348

273.111

Smolar

-0.0127357

T

273.111

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

453523

273.126

Smolar

-0.0088181

T

273.126

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

314333

273.137

Smolar

-0.00610556

T

273.137

SmolarT

INCONSISTENT

1phase

217861

273.144

Smolar

-0.00422684

T

273.144

Superancillary Plots#

The following figure shows the accuracy of the superancillary functions relative to extended precision calculations carried out in C++ with the teqp library. The results of the iterative calculations with REFPROP and CoolProp are also shown.

Note

You can download the script that generated the following figure here: (link to script), right-click the link and then save as… or the equivalent in your browser. You can also download this figure as a PDF.

../../_images/Water2.png